Research
Evidence-based research
Independent reviews from Peptideworth — every claim tied to primary research or official labeling.
45
271
November 2026
Showing 45 of 45 articles
Compound Classes13
What a peptide or incretin class actually is and how it differs from the next one — mechanism first, marketing name second.
- Updated September 20267 min read11 sources
CJC-1295 and Ipamorelin: The Record Behind Each Half
CJC-1295 and ipamorelin were each tested in small human studies. The pair has never been tested together, and neither has a lawful compounding route.
Read - Updated October 20264 min read9 sources
Why a Triple Agonist Is Not Simply Better Than a Dual
Adding a receptor adds a mechanism, a side-effect profile, and a reason a trial might read differently. The numbers do not rank the way the labels suggest.
Read - Updated October 20267 min read15 sources
The Obesity Peptide Pipeline: Status of Every Candidate, September 2026
Retatrutide, CagriSema, amycretin, mazdutide, survodutide and MariTide: where each stands with FDA in September 2026, and which trials have posted results.
Read - Updated November 20264 min read4 sources
Oral vs Injectable Peptides: What Changes
One molecule, two routes, one label — and roughly 73 times the milligrams per week. What the gut does to a peptide, and what it costs to get past it.
Read - Updated August 20264 min read6 sources
What “Research Chemical” Actually Means
The phrase is a sales category, not a regulatory one. What FDA has actually published about seventeen of these peptides, and what the label is doing instead.
Read - Updated August 20264 min read10 sources
What a Peptide Is, and What the Word Hides
Three amino acids or sixty-three thousand daltons — both get called peptides. The definitional confusions that cause the most misreading, settled by labels.
Read - Updated August 20265 min read9 sources
Incretins Explained: GLP-1, GIP and Glucagon
Three hormones, three receptors, and a class of drugs built on them. What each one does, and why the receptor diagram predicts less than it looks like.
Read - Updated August 20263 min read2 sources
Tesamorelin and Ipamorelin Together: What Has Actually Been Tested
One of these is an approved drug and one is not, and no registered trial has tested them together. What the record actually shows for each.
Read - Updated August 20263 min read3 sources
The Glow Stack: A Name Without a Recipe
The glow stack has no fixed contents — it means different compounds depending on who is selling it. Here is what is usually in it and what has been tested.
Read - Updated August 20263 min read4 sources
The Wolverine Stack: What It Is and What Has Been Tested
The wolverine stack is a marketing name for BPC-157 and TB-500 taken together. No registered trial has tested the combination in people.
Read - Updated August 20264 min read4 sources
Healing Peptides and the Gap Between Anecdote and Trial
BPC-157 and TB-500 have thirty years of animal work and a thin human record. Here is exactly what is registered, what is published, and what neither shows.
Read - Updated August 20264 min read6 sources
Growth-Hormone Secretagogues: What the Evidence Actually Shows
These compounds reliably raise IGF-1. That is the surrogate. When trials measured function, fracture recovery or disease progression, the results changed.
Read - Updated August 20264 min read6 sources
Amylin Analogs: The Next Class After Incretins
An amylin analog has been FDA-approved since 2005. What changed is not the hormone — it is how long the molecule lasts. The trials, in order.
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Sourcing & Compounding5
How a compound gets from a bulk substance to a labeled vial — what 503A and 503B actually inspect, and what a certificate of analysis can and can't prove.
- Updated September 20268 min read12 sources
Are Peptides Legal? Compounding Status by Peptide, September 2026
Which peptides a US pharmacy can lawfully compound as of September 2026, read peptide by peptide from FDA's own lists, with the dates FDA put on them.
Read - Updated October 20266 min read3 sources
Injectable Glutathione: What the Endotoxin Alerts Actually Show
FDA’s August 2026 glutathione alert concerns ingredient quality. What the cases show, what a purity result misses, and what to ask the pharmacy.
Read - Updated August 20265 min read6 sources
503A vs 503B: What Is Actually in the Vial
One scheme is inspected against manufacturing standards; the other is not. What each may legally start from, and what the inspection record shows in practice.
Read - Updated August 20265 min read4 sources
Compounded Is Not the Trial Drug
A trial tests one defined article: a molecule, a form, a concentration, a container. Compounding changes some of those, and the evidence travels that far.
Read - Updated August 20265 min read6 sources
Certificates of Analysis: What They Prove
A COA is a claim about a lot, not a guarantee about a vial. What each test answers, what a purity figure cannot say, and the gap the document never closes.
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Dosing & Effects17
The arithmetic of using a peptide — half-life, reconstitution, dosing frequency — and what trials have actually measured happening in the body.
- Updated September 20266 min read4 sources
Tirzepatide Side Effects by Dose: What the Trials Recorded
Nausea, diarrhea, vomiting and constipation at 5, 10 and 15 mg of tirzepatide, from the Zepbound label's trial tables, and what they show about dose.
Read - Updated September 20267 min read7 sources
Tesamorelin Side Effects: What the Egrifta Label Actually Says
Joint pain, injection-site reactions, swelling and higher blood sugar lead the Egrifta label. The rates, the warnings, and what the trials measured.
Read - Updated September 20266 min read8 sources
Sermorelin Before and After: What the Trials Actually Measured
Sermorelin raises growth hormone within days. In the small adult studies, body fat and muscle barely moved. What each study measured, and when.
Read - Updated September 20266 min read8 sources
NAD+ Injections Before and After: What Was Actually Measured
NAD+ levels in blood rise; that part is measured. Energy, focus and aging mostly are not. The IV, injection and nasal studies, and what they recorded.
Read - Updated October 20265 min read4 sources
Tirzepatide for Sleep Apnea: What the Two Trials Measured
SURMOUNT-OSA measured breathing interruptions during sleep. The results, who was studied, and why improvement is not permission to stop PAP.
Read - Updated October 20266 min read4 sources
Tirzepatide and Birth Control Pills: What the Warning Means
Tirzepatide can affect oral contraceptive absorption. The label’s timing, why non-oral methods differ, and what the warning does not prove.
Read - Updated October 20266 min read3 sources
Semaglutide and NAION: Reading the Eye-Risk Numbers
EMA identifies NAION as a very rare semaglutide side effect. How to read absolute risk, what observational studies cannot settle, and urgent symptoms.
Read - Updated October 20265 min read2 sources
Semaglutide for MASH: What ESSENCE Shows
ESSENCE improved liver-biopsy outcomes in MASH with F2–F3 fibrosis. What accelerated approval means and which longer-term benefits remain unproven.
Read - Updated October 20265 min read2 sources
Semaglutide and Kidney Disease: FLOW Results
What FLOW showed in adults with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease, how to read the 24% result, and why monitoring still matters.
Read - Updated October 20265 min read4 sources
Semaglutide and Diabetic Retinopathy
The SUSTAIN-6 eye-complication signal, absolute risk, rapid glucose improvement and the monitoring questions to discuss before treatment.
Read - Updated October 20266 min read3 sources
Semaglutide and Heart Risk: What SELECT Proved, and for Whom
SELECT measured heart attacks, strokes and cardiovascular deaths in people with established disease. The absolute benefit and the limits of the claim.
Read - Updated October 20266 min read5 sources
GLP-1 Drugs, Gallstones and Pancreatitis: Separate the Evidence
Gallbladder disease and pancreatitis are different outcomes. What randomized evidence shows, what rare-event data cannot settle, and concerning symptoms.
Read - Updated October 20265 min read3 sources
GLP-1 Drugs Before Anesthesia: Why There Is No One Stop Rule
GLP-1 drugs can delay stomach emptying. What the aspiration warning means, how guidance has evolved, and what your procedure team needs to know.
Read - Updated October 20267 min read11 sources
BPC-157 Side Effects: What the Human Record Actually Shows
Three small human reports, 30 people, no control groups and no side effects recorded. Why that is not the same as safe, and what FDA said about BPC-157.
Read - Updated August 20265 min read3 sources
Reconstitution: The Arithmetic, Not the Advice
Concentration is mass divided by volume — except the naive division is wrong, and an FDA label's own numbers prove it. The math, and what it cannot tell you.
Read - Updated August 20264 min read10 sources
Half-Life and Dosing Frequency
From 1.5 minutes to a week, on labels for one hormone family. Half-life is the number that decides whether a peptide is dosed before meals or once a month.
Read - Updated August 20264 min read6 sources
Muscle During Rapid Weight Loss: What Has Been Measured
Roughly a quarter of the weight lost is lean mass — and that was true on placebo too. What the DXA substudies actually show, and how small they are.
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Reading the Evidence10
How to read a trial registry, a phase result, or a funding disclosure — the literacy that separates a real finding from a claim that outruns it.
- Updated August 20264 min read4 sources
Why Most Peptide Trials Are Small and Short
A registry census, August 2026: one compound has 759 registered studies, another has zero. The reasons are economic, not about whether the drug works.
Read - Updated August 20264 min read6 sources
Who Funded the Trial, and Why It Matters
Sponsorship shifts conclusions more than it shifts methods. Where to find the funding line, what the Cochrane evidence measured, and what it did not.
Read - Updated August 20265 min read8 sources
What Happens When a Peptide Trial Fails
Four negative results, and what each one killed. A trial can fail an indication, a molecule, a surrogate, or nothing at all — and the difference matters.
Read - Updated August 20265 min read11 sources
How to Tell a Peptide Claim Is Outrunning Its Evidence
Twelve tells, each with a real case from the registry or the literature. Overstated peptide claims tend to fail on one of them, and usually the same one.
Read - Updated August 20264 min read6 sources
Surrogate Endpoints vs Outcomes That Matter
Most peptide claims rest on a marker moving, not on anything happening to a person. Two paired trials show what the difference costs to establish.
Read - Updated August 20264 min read5 sources
Why n=30 Is Not the Same as n=3,000
Enrollment size is not a quality badge — it is precision, and it is the ability to see rare harm. Worked on real peptide trials, with the arithmetic shown.
Read - Updated August 20264 min read8 sources
Registered but Never Reported: The Trials That Vanish
Completed trials that post no results are common and measurable. How to check a compound's registry file, and what the silence does and doesn't tell you.
Read - Updated August 20265 min read7 sources
What a Phase 2 Result Does and Does Not Tell You
Phase 2 is a dose-finding experiment, not a verdict. Two peptide programs where the phase 3 exists show exactly which parts of the number survive.
Read - Updated August 20264 min read6 sources
Open-Label vs Blinded: What You Can Conclude
Masking is not a quality score — it decides which explanations a trial can rule out. Five real registry records, and the honest evidence on blinding itself.
Read - Updated August 20264 min read3 sources
How to Read a ClinicalTrials.gov Record
A registration is a filing, not a review. Fifteen fields, two real peptide records, and the specific places where a record quietly tells you it has stalled.
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